Pashtun diaspora

Not to be confused with Afghan diaspora.
Pashtun diaspora
Total population
50 Million (2009) [1]
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan 35.64 Millions (2010) [2]
 Afghanistan 13.46 Millions (2010) [3]
 UAE 338,315 (2009) [4]
 Iran 110,000 (2010) [5]
 United Kingdom 100,000 (2009) [6]
 Canada 26,000 (2006) [7]
 India 11,086 (2001) [8]
 United States 7,710 (2000) [9]
 Malaysia and  Singapore 5,100 (2008) [10]
Languages

Pashto
Urdu, Dari, English, and the languages spoken in the respective region of residence
Religion

Islam (Sunni Hanafi)
with small Shia community

Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn or پختون Paxtūn, inflexion of also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان) have many communities around the world. Pukhtuns have long history to conquer and colonizing several regions especially the ancient regions of Sub-continent in duration of past few centuries.[11] The Lodhi dynasty of Pukhtun clans is the famous one during India's past history whereof, Bahlul Lodhi, Sikandar Lodhi, and Ibraheem Lodhi are the most notable imperials of the ancient India.[12] Though their homeland is in the Pakhtunkhwa region of South-Central Asia—a region stretching from south of the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan to the Indus River in western Pakistan—they are also found in India, the Middle East, Europe, North America, Australia, Africa, and in other parts of the globe. According to Ethnologue, their total number is estimated to be nearly 50 million[1] but some sources give lower or higher numbers.[13][14][15]

Contents

Native regions

Afghanistan

Further information: Demography of Afghanistan and Afghan diaspora

Part of a series on
Pashtuns

Etymology · Pashtunwali
Language · Culture · Art
Tribes · Diaspora

Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising 40-50%[3][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] of the total Afghan population. Approximately 3 million Afghans continue to live in Pakistan and Iran.[25]

From the 3rd century CE to the 20th century, the Pashtuns were known as Afghans, a term now used to describe a citizen of Afghanistan. Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan and a stronghold of the Pashtun culture. Lashkar Gah in the south, Farah in the west, Jalalabad in the east, and Kunduz in the north are also predominantly Pashtun cities of Afghanistan. Kabul and Ghazni are 55% Pashtuns, while Herat in the west and Mazar-i-Sharif in the north are around 20%.[26]

Pakistan

Further information: Ethnic groups in Pakistan, Pakistani diaspora, Pathans of Punjab, and Sindhi Pathan

The largest population of Pashtuns in the world are found in Pakistan. The Pashtuns are the second largest ethnic group in Pakistan, comprising 20% of Pakistan's population, with a population of 28 million.[27] They form the majority ethnic group in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, this does not include the Afghan refugees who arrived to the country during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The Pashtuns have considerable influence in the Pakistani politics, military, government, business and trade. Peshawar and Quetta are Pashtun dominated cities of Pakistan. With close to 1 million Pashtuns by some estimates,[28] the province of Sindh hosts the largest Pashtun populations in the world outside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

The Pashtuns, originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group.[29][30] By some estimates, there are close to 7 million Pashtuns in Karachi, including approximately 50,000 registered Afghan refugees,[31] Karachi hosts the largest Pashtun population in the world, Many of these Pashtuns have been resident in Karachi for decades, and as a result, some no longer speak Pashto fluently, and instead primarily speak Urdu or English — especially those from wealthier communities. In addition, a small number of the Muhajir community (such as the Rohilla community) in Karachi claim to be by origin ethnic Pashtuns.

The following delineates the Pashtun population in the provinces of Pakistan:

Province Pashtuns
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23,906,000
Sindh 1000,000[28]
Balochistan 5,293,000
Punjab 4,929,000
Azad Kashmir 457,000
Islamabad Capital Territory 55,000
Pakistan 35,640,000

Substantial ethnic Pashtun communities outside of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reside in the districts of Attock (the Chachi) and Mianwali in Punjab. These and other communities of Pashtun ancestry are often referred to as the Punjabi Pashtun. There are also large communities of Punjabi-Pashtuns in Kasur, and other larger communities have settled around Multan which was formerly part of the Durrani Empire.[32]

In addition to this, a large portion of the Urdu-speaking community in Pakistan trace their ancestry to the ancient pashtun regions of present day Afghanistan and Khyberpakhtunkhawa. A large community identify themselves as Yousefzai Pashtuns, Ghouri and Durrani. The medieval era Afghans forming the Sultanate dynasties and Mughal Empire assimilated into the Urdu-speaking community. It is estimated that over 30% of the Urdu-speaking community hold their ancestral roots to Pashtun heritage. Additionally, a significant number of descendants of Rohillas migrated to Pakistan after the partition of India.

India

Further information: Rohilla, Pathans of Uttar Pradesh, Pathan of Bihar, Pathans of Gujarat, and Pathans of Rajasthan

India, as a British colony, once had a large Pashtun population roughly equal to that of Afghanistan, mostly concentrated in what were then the British Indian provinces of the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. In Rohilkhand, they made large settlements subsequent to 14th century and prior to the 20th century. In fact, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, the number of Pashtuns in all of India was nearly 31 million, but the speakers of Pashto numbered less than 14 million.[33] Most of this population was allotted, along with its respective provinces, to Pakistan after the Partition of India. Today the Pashtuns in India can be divided into those who speak Pashto and those who speak Urdu, the latter group being much larger.

Pashto-speaking communities

There are a large number of Pashto-speaking Pakhtuns in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[34] Although their exact numbers are hard to determine, it is at least in excess of 100,000 for it is known that in 1954 over 100,000 nomadic Pakhtuns living in Kashmir Valley were granted Indian citizenship.[35] Today jirgas are frequently held.[36] Those settled and living in the Kashmir Valley speak Pashto, and are found chiefly in the southwest of the valley, where Pashtun colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting are the Kukikhel Afridis of Dramghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashto. They wear colorful dress and carry swords and shields. The Afridis and the Machipurians, who belong to the Yusufzai tribe, are liable to military service, in return for which they hold certain villages free of revenue. The Pashtuns chiefly came in under the Durranis, but many were brought by Maharajah Gulab Singh for service on the frontier.[37] Pashto is also spoken in two villages, Dhakki and Changnar (Chaknot), located on the Line of Control in Kupwara District.[38] In response to demand by the Pashtun community living in the state, Kashir TV has recently launched a series of Pushto-language programs.[39]

A further small, scattered Pashtun population still exists in some major cities of India with large Muslim populations, with the majority of Pashto-speaking individuals residing in the states of Delhi and Uttar Pradesh India; who also have adopted local languages of the respective areas they live in, as their second language.[40][41] These Pathans, numbering around 14,161,[42][43] have retained the use of the Pashto language and are still able to speak and understand it. This is partially because until recently, most of these Indian Pashtuns were able to travel to Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[44]

Urdu-speaking communities

See also: Muhajir people

The larger number of people claiming Pashtun ancestry in India are Urdu-speaking. Despite the loss of most of the Raj-era Pashtun population, India still has a large community of Urdu-speaking Muslims who trace their ancestry to ancient Pashtun invaders and settlers. They are often referred by the Hindi-Urdu pronunciation of the word Pashtun, "Pathan". However, because Pashto fluency has been lost, and a large degree of intermarriage with Indian locals has occurred throughout the centuries, such Pathans who are of Pakhtun decent, have however, retained their identity as Khan and are regarded distinguished among themselves as having the Pathan ancestry. The most famous among them are the Bollywood Khan actors. In addition, several other communities such as the Rajput Khanzada of Uttar Pradesh also use the surname Khan, though they are not Pathans. In Rohilkhand and the Bangash-dominated areas of Farrukhabad, the term "Pathan Khanzada" refers to Rajput groups that have been incorporated into the Pashtun communities settled there. In addition to Uttar Pradesh, the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan are also home to large communities of ancient Pashtuns settlers.[45]

Major Indian Pathan tribes lived in the following areas. While many persons belonging to these tribes moved to the Afghan-Pakistan border, others chose to stay and thus, descendants of these tribes still reside in the parts of India listed below:[46]

It is significant to note that a large part of above Pathan diaspora have naturalized themselves in the local culture over the centuries.

The term "Pathan" does not refer exclusively and specifically to these Indian Pashtun descendants. Historically the term was used mainly to refer to Pashtuns in general by mainstream Indians Muslims included. Most Pashtuns, however, find the term to be insensitive and prefer to be called by their native label.

Today, around 10,808,000 individuals who claim Pathan descent reside in post-partition India.[47] The following delineates the population of Pathans in the states of India.[44]

Notable Indians of Pashtun ancestry

Amjad Khan, Bollywood film star

Many Pashtuns worked in the Indian independence movement. While many supported the Muslim League's demand for Pakistan, some Pashtuns opposed it in favor of a united and secular India, especially members of the Indian National Congress. These included Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, his son Khan Wali Khan, Indian diplomat Mohammed Yunus, Pakistani opposition leader Mufti Mahmud and Balochistan-based Pashtun leader Abdul Samad Achakzai.

Also among the Pashtuns in India are students from Afghanistan who are in India to obtain a quality education, including President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai[51] and Kabuliwallah Pashtuns who are doing business in India.[52] In addition, India has a large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Afghanistan who are fluent in Pashto, Hindko and Dari.[53]

Notable Pakistanis of Pashtun ancestry

Pashtuns in the Middle East

Hundreds of thousands of Pasthuns serving as migrant workers reside in the Middle East, particularly in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and other Arab countries.[4][54] Many of them are involved in the transport business, while others are employees of construction companies.

Over 100,000 Pashtuns live in Iran as citizens of that country and a further sizable number live among the Afghan refugees. The Iranian Pashtuns are mainly concentrated in the Afghan-Iran border, in the South Khorasan Province of Iran.[5]

About 300,000 Pashtuns immigrated to the Gulf Countries from 1976 to 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants.[54]

Pashtuns in Europe

Further information: Afghan diaspora and Pakistani diaspora

Many Pashtuns have migrated from their homeland in Central Asia to Europe. The following statistics represent the number of Pashtuns in European countries:

United Kingdom

Further information: Afghans in the United Kingdom and British Pakistani

The United Kingdom is home to some 100,000 Pashtuns,[55] making it one of the most populous overseas Pashtun communities in the world and the most populous one in the West.[56]

Pashtuns in other parts of the world

United States

Further information: Afghan American and Pakistani American

Pashtuns have been present in California at least since agricultural labor was imported in the early 20th century. Since the late 1970s and onwards, Pashtuns began immigrating to the USA in large numbers and are well established there. Pashtuns in the United States are famous for running top Afghan cuisine restaurants[57][58][59] and as owners of the fast-food restaurant chain Kennedy Fried Chicken that is based in New York City.

Canada

Further information: Afghan Canadian and Pakistani Canadian

1,690 persons characterised their ethnicity as "Pashtun" in Canada's 2006 census.[60]

Australia

Further information: Afghan (Australia), Afghan Australian, and Pakistani Australian

Large numbers of Afghans were recruited in the 19th century during the initial British development of Australia, especially for the operation of camel trains in desert areas. These consisted of men who were not allowed to bring their families with them, many married local Aborigines and are now known as Ghans.[61] During the 1980s and 90s, Pashtuns began settling in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and other major cities of Australia.

Southeast Asia

Since the early 1900s there have been many generations of Pashtuns who migrated from Afghanistan, Pakistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pashtun settlements in Thailand have been common throughout the provinces. There is even a Thai-Pashtun Friendship Association. Because the Pashtuns are fiercely independent, they often are well treated and respected by the Thai locals. Countries like Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia and Malaysia also have similar cases of Pashtun settlements.

East Asia

There may be some Pashtun communities living in parts of China, Taiwan and Japan.

Guyana and Suriname

Main article: Pakistanis in the Caribbean

Some people living in Guyana and Suriname claim to be of Afghan descent. Most of them moved to South American countries during the Indian immigration.[62]

See also

References

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Bibliography

Overseas Asians and Asian diasporas
By origin
East Asians
South Asians
Southeast Asians
By residence
Asia
Europe
Elsewhere
See also
Pashtun diaspora · Hazara diaspora